Cognitive Science and the Human Brain: Information Processing, Learning, and Memory

Question 1
1. Which process best describes how the brain simultaneously integrates multiple sensory inputs to form a coherent perception?

(A) Parallel distributed processing

(B) Sequential chain reaction

(C) Stepwise integration

(D) Serial processing

Question 2
2. What is neural plasticity?

(A) A process where neurons are permanently fixed after development

(B) The brain's ability to rewire and adapt its structure and function in response to experience

(C) The brain's capability to propagate electrical signals in a rigid manner

(D) A limited adjustment mechanism that solely occurs during early childhood

Question 3
3. Which brain structure is most associated with consolidating short-term memories into long-term memories during sleep?

(A) Hippocampus

(B) Thalamus

(C) Cerebellum

(D) Amygdala

Question 4
4. What neural mechanism underlies long-term potentiation, a process vital for learning and memory?

(A) Synaptic plasticity

(B) Neural fatigue

(C) Temporary electrical conduction

(D) Neuronal apoptosis

Question 5
5. Which neuroimaging method provides high spatial resolution for mapping brain activity during cognitive tasks?

(A) Electroencephalography (EEG)

(B) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

(C) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

(D) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 6
6. A patient suffers an injury to the left frontal lobe, particularly affecting Broca's area. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be observed?

(A) Weakness in the right leg due to motor cortex damage

(B) Impaired ability to visually process faces

(C) Total loss of memory

(D) Difficulty in speech production while comprehension remains relatively intact

Question 7
7. What best defines working memory in cognitive processing?

(A) A passive long-term repository similar to a filing cabinet

(B) An unchangeable set of learned responses

(C) A limited capacity system for actively maintaining and manipulating information

(D) A permanent storage system for lifelong information

Question 8
8. Which part of the brain is primarily involved in declarative memory formation and consolidation?

(A) Hippocampus

(B) Basal Ganglia

(C) Cerebellum

(D) Brainstem

Question 9
9. Which theory suggests that new information is effectively learned by associating it with pre-existing cognitive schemas?

(A) Schema theory

(B) Hebbian theory

(C) Modularity theory

(D) Stimulus-response theory

Question 10
10. What role does the prefrontal cortex play in cognitive processes?

(A) It primarily processes visual information and spatial awareness.

(B) It deals exclusively with language comprehension and speech production.

(C) It is responsible for executive functions, such as decision-making, planning, and working memory.

(D) It functions solely as a relay station for sensory signals.

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